Free nerve endings signal12/6/2023 They also have more specialized structures, including dendrites and axons. Neurons contain organelles common to many other cells, such as a nucleus and mitochondria. Integration at the axon hillock determines whether the neuron will initiate an action potential (more on this later in this reading). These conflicting signals are “integrated” at a location called axon hillock, which is located between the neuron cell body and the start of the axon. In fact, each neuron can share synapses with thousands to hundreds of thousands of other neurons, and they may be sending conflicting signals at the same time. A neuron doesn’t necessarily initiate an action potential every time it receives a a signal at a synapse. Axon hillock: The axon hillock is the site where an action potential initiates within a neuron it is also the site that effectively controls whether or not an action potential will occur.In between is the synaptic cleft, a small gap between the two synapsed neurons where neurotransmitters are released from one neuron to pass the signal to the next neuron. On one side of a synapse is the axon terminal from the pre-synaptic neuron (the neuron that is sending the signal) on the other side is a dendrite or dendritic spine of the post-synaptic neuron (the neuron that is receiving the signal). Synapses: A synapse is the name of the location where two neurons are almost in contact with each other, and where a signal is transmitted from one neuron to the next.Along myelinated axons there are periodic gaps in the myelin sheath called nodes of Ranvier, which are sites where the signal is “re-charged” as it travels along the axon. The myelin sheath is not actually part of the neuron it is produced by a specialized type of cell called a glial cell, which functions to support neurons. This insulation is important as the axon from a human motor neuron can be as long as a meter, from the base of the spine to the toes. Some axons are covered with myelin, which acts as an insulator to minimize dissipation of the electrical signal as it travels down the axon myelination greatly increases the speed of conduction.The axon is a tube-like structure that propagates the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. Axon: The axon is the structure where a neuron transmits an action potential to ultimately reach the next neuron.Dendrites can have small protrusions called dendritic spines, which further increase surface area for possible connections with other neurons. Some types of neurons do not have any dendrites, some types of neurons have multiple dendrites. Dendrites are tree-like structures that extend away from the cell body to receive neurotransmitters from other neurons. Dendrites: Dendrites are the structures where neurons receive signals from other neurons (in some cases, neurons may also receive signals directly at the soma).Soma (cell body): Each neuron has a cell body that contains its nucleus and other cellular organelles and components.The structure of a neuron supports its function in sending and receiving both chemical and electrical messages: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers which are released from one neuron as a result of an action potential they cause a rapid, temporary change in the membrane potential of the adjacent neuron to initiate an action potential in that neuron. The chemical signals are neurotransmitters, which transmit the information from one neuron to the next.An action potential is a rapid, temporary change in membrane potential (electrical charge), and it is caused by sodium rushing to a neuron and potassium rushing out. The electrical signals are action potentials, which transmit the information from one of a neuron to the other.Neurons communicate via both electrical signals and chemical signals: All Khan Academy content is available for free at Neurons are specialized cells that can receive and transmit chemical or electrical signals, and they are supported by cells called glia, which provide support functions for the neurons. The information below was adapted from OpenStax Biology 35.1 and Khan Academy AP Biology The neuron and nervous system. Neurons Send and Receive both Chemical and Electrical Signals Differentiate between excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs), and predict the results of multiple co-occurring PSPs.Describe the structure and function of neuronal synapses, the process that leads to neurotransmitter release, and the role of neurotransmitters at the synapse.Interpret an action potential graph and explain the behavior of ion channels underlying each step of the action potential.Identify and differentiate between the different types of ion channels that regulate neuron function.Explain the role of membrane potential in neuron communication.Describe the structure and function neurons.
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